Survey respondents will give answers that be viewed favourably by others.
You overestimate the probability of something that you hear more often/remember easily.
We tend to have more defined and articulated goals about parts of our lives which has lower priority.
Belief that your situation is a zero sum situation and competing - even when there are unlimited resources.
Tendency to think that travelling to an unfamiliar place has taken longer - but an equal time journey in very familiar route would feel shorter.
Perceived difference is not the same as actual difference.
Explains the negative behaviours of out-group(others) to personality defects and negative behaviours of the in-group(us) to external circumstances or chance.
We think that our traits, attitudes, behaviours, moods are relatively variable(it can change as needed) - but other peoples traits are more predictable and static.
We underestimate time saved when moving from a relatively smaller speed to higher speed. Also, we overestimate time saved when moving from a relatively faster speed to even faster speed.
We remember things for a longer period if we try to recall it once in a while.
Events in the past or future seems more distant(backward telescoping/time expansion) or nearer(forward telescoping) than they actually are.
We tend to defend the system we are in because it provides for many of our underlying needs.
People confuse selection factors with results.
Concentrating on the people/things that got past a selection point.
You believe a hypothesis because it has personal meaning/significance to you.
General belief about a group of people - and expects that belief to be true of all individuals in the group.
We think we are noticed/thought about by others way more than we actually are.
Our thinking and perception is distorted in ways to enhance our self esteem.
We believe that we are consistent in our beliefs, behaviours, options, attitudes, etc.
A 'reflex' like tendency to reject opposing ideas to what you believe.
We have a feeling of dislike and competitiveness towards people who we think are better than us.
Social identity is the part of a person's self-concept that is made from their membership in a social group.
Reactance is the resistance we feel when there is a threat to our behavioural freedom.
We overestimate our ability to control impulsive behaviour.
We believe that proverbs, sayings etc. are more accurate if it rhymes.
We adjust behaviour according to perceived risk - we are more risk taking when we feel protected, and more careful when we sense greater risk.
We judge past events more positively than we do the present.
More significance is given to a recent event/data/evidence when compared to past events/data/evidence.
Tendency to devalue ideas/proposals that comes from an 'enemy'.
Bias that favours positive results in published academic research.
Tendency to seek the positive.
Prejudice is a preconceived(usually unfavourable) assignment of qualities to members of an out group.
We underestimate time required to finish a task.
Seeing a pattern/meaning where there is none.
Expecting others to be biased all the time.
Belief that our view of the world is objective, and people who disagree are irrational/biased/misinformed.
Negative stimuli have bigger impact on the mental state.
We tend to forget things that happened just before we have to perform something.
The brain sometimes ignores multiple warnings signals.
Tendency to avoid things with an external origin.
We favour an act of omission/inaction over commission/action.
Avoiding negative information that can cause discomfort.
The belief that the people in the out-group are very similar to each other.
Evaluating the quality of a decision after the outcome is known.
We overestimate our performance, think our performance is better than that of others, and think we have more accurate beliefs.
Public and press likes narratives. More widely accepted a narrative is, the more it shapes the perception of facts.
We tend to over-rely on a familiar tool.
lesser option is preferred when evaluated separately.
There are automatic functions of memory. Sharpening is when we remember small details in retelling of a memory. Levelling is when we leave out parts of the memory.
We tend to remember things that have more depth of mental processing.
The languages you know influence your cognition and world view.
We prefer to avoid making a loss over making a profit of the same value.
Number of items that can be held in short term memory: 7 +/- 2
Memory inhibition is the ability **NOT** to remember irrelevant information.
People mistake the face value of money(the amount of money) with the real value(what it can buy).
A previous 'good' behaviour will make it easier to do 'bad' behaviour.
Assigning praise or blame of an action based on outcome even if its not fully in their control.
We tend to accept/believe more easily and with less scrutiny things we think are correct.
Belief that we know other people better than the other person knows us.
A belief that good/bad things happen to us because of external influences rather than personal actions.
We think other people can understand our mental state fairly accurately.
Overestimation of ability to interpret and predict outcome when analysing data that shows a consistent pattern.
Perceiving a relation between things(people, behaviours, events, etc) when no such relation exists.
We believe incorrect information to be correct after repeated exposure.
We assign certain qualities to a member of an out group.
Favouring people of your in-group over people outside.
People tend to ignore sample size of data. They forget that variation is more likely in smaller sample sizes.
When we get negative feedback for an outcome we are invested in, we increase effort towards it instead of altering course.
Belief that people will get what they deserve. Or Everything happens for a reason.
Belief that the characteristics of one person in a group must be there in all.
It describes the widely experienced difficulty of accurately estimating the time it will take to complete tasks of substantial complexity.
Belief that someone who has been successful will be more likely to be successful in future attempts.
Philosophical view that all things have a set of properties that are necessary to their identity.
We think other people are driven more by extrinsic motivators(like monetary reward) and we are driven more by intrinsic motivators(learning a new skill).
We think our beliefs, behaviours, personal qualities are the norm.
Once you learn a new word/concept, you see it everywhere.
Cognitive bias that limits your imagination of how an object can be used to only its traditional use.
Belief that a society or institution is becoming worse over time.
When deciding between two options, an unattractive third option can change the perceived preference between the other two.
When doing stock investing, we tend to sell off stocks that do well/increase in price - and keep the stock that is performing poorly.
The Doorway Effect is a widely experienced phenomenon, wherein a person passing through a doorway may forget what they were doing or thinking about previously.
Our judgment of how unpleasant an experience is does not depend on the duration of the event - but on the peak(most intense part) and how quickly the pain reduces.
Tendency to believe that individuals are more attractive when they are in a group.
Ideally, we should not change something until we understand the purpose behind it.
Memory error - people sometimes have wrong/distorted memories that they are confident about.
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret favorably, favor, recall data/evidence in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values.
People don't easily change existing belief even when presented with new evidence.
Continue to believe wrong information even after learning that it's wrong.
Tendency to recognize faces from your own race more easily when compared to recognizing faces from other races.
When communicating with others, we assume that they have all the background information about the topic that we have already.
We think that vague and generic personality descriptions that can apply to a lot of people are very accurate and made specifically for them.
We tend to overvalue the specific information - rather than integrating it with general information like the base rate.
It's more difficult to notice biases in ourselves.
We remember bizarre material better.
Lumping a decision to a related but not necessarily causing result.
Belief that if it's possible, then it's probable.
The idea that since an argument had a logical fallacy in it, it must be false.
What we believe/want influences what we focus on/notice.
We believe that the views of an authority figure(Eg. God, Govt., Parent) is more accurate - and let it influence our options.
Assigning human traits, attributes, emotions or agency to non-human things.
We **overestimate** duration and intensity of future emotional states.
If an unlikely event(that's statistically independent) occurred multiple times, it's less likely to occur in the future.
Tendency to follow the crowd. Adopting behaviours, practices, attitudes, beliefs only because others are doing it.
The Serial-position effect ie. strong recall of last item of the list, will be impaired if there is an irrelevant item(that need not be remembered) at the end of the list.
Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability.
It is possible for a group to decide on something that is against most or all of the group members' preference.
If there are multiple similar stimuli, we remember the one that differs from the rest.
We want to finish a unit of anything we are consuming - we don't want to stop in the middle.
We recall pictures better than words.
We overestimate our own qualities and abilities when compared to other people.
Memories associated with negative emotions are forgotten more quickly than memories associated with positive emotions.
If we put in a lot of effort into something, its value will go up in our mind.
People generally put in more investment into a failing thing to win back the investment that has already gone in.
Recollection of memory is better if we try to remember that information at specific intervals.
We think of an outcome as certain - but in reality if we zoom out, it would be part of a multi-step process - which in entirety is not certain.
People justify a past decision by subconsciously giving it positive attributes.
People tend to assign subjective value to money - this is susceptible to biases, thinking flaws.
People tend to think that events could have been easily predictable AFTER the outcome is clear.
Hard tasks makes you overconfident - and predict higher success probability while easier tasks makes you under confident - and predict lower success.
We tend to forget something that we looked up online.
Memory error that can create slightly wrong or wildly inaccurate recollection that the person is very confident about.
Individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when there are other people present.
Negative emotions have immediate survival benefits. Positive emotions have long term benefits.
Tendency to believe decisions from an automated decision making system have more accuracy. And even ignore contradictory information made without automation.
The tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things.
Suggestibility is tendency to accept or act on the suggestion of others.
Belief that probability of the whole is lesser than the sum of probabilities of the parts.
We forecast our current preference on to a future event.
We exaggerate the probability of good things happening to us.
Tendency to ignore probability when making decisions in uncertain conditions.
We tend to wrongly identify the source of a memory at point of recall.
We are more willing to help a specific, identifiable person over a large but vaguely defined group with the same issue.
Hippo - or Highest Paid Person's Opinion. In meetings, there might be a person who has the most experience or authority(usually the boss). Decisions they make might go unchallenged.
Tendency to transfer the good impression of a person/ company/ brand/ etc in one context to things they recommend in another context.
We remember things better if our own mind makes it up rather than when we just read it.
We attribute the reason of our own(or of our friends) failures to the environment, but the failures of others(or our enemies) to their character.
We tend to believe theories about the cause of a mishap in a way that minimizes our own blame or threat in that mishap.
We might not be able to recall information without memory aids/cues that we used at study.
We think that specific conditions are more probable than a single general condition.
When we are presented with evidence against a pre-existing belief that we had, we sometimes reject the evidence and hold the belief even more strongly.
We believe that things are better just because they are new.
We prefer to eliminate risks **completely** in a smaller part rather than reduce overall risk even if the second option reduces risk to a greater extend.
We tend to recall the first(Primacy effect) and last items(Recency effect) in a series.
We remember things better if we are affected by the information.
Not notice/quickly forget things that cause us emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs.
Reverse psychology is a manipulation technique that asks someone to do something opposite to the action that is actually required.
An inert pill can cure health issues if the patient believes that it will.
We judge an experience based on what happens at either the peak(most intense part of the experience) or at the end of the event rather that the entire event.
Experimenters interpreting results incorrectly because they have a pre-existing hypothesis.
Our memory of things we study is based on the presentations of the material.
Our memory can change and become less accurate based on information we get after the event.
We overestimate how much control we have over situations.
We discount the value of a reward given later by a factor of the delay in getting the reward.
People over-rely on their initial hypothesis.
We tend to spend more time on figuring out trivial things rather than spending time on the important things.
We judge arguments based on the probability of the conclusion rather than how strongly the argument supports the conclusion.
Choices are affected by an anchor.
There are times when we can't recall a word from memory - even though we think that we are close to remembering it.
We are able to recollect items or events in the order they are given.
If we see an innovation at work, we tend to believe that it can be applied everywhere without need of alterations.
A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have.
When evaluating between two options, we view them as very different - as compared to evaluating them separately(we would have evaluated them very close to each other).
Less likely to spend a large denomination currency than the equal value in smaller notes.
We some times remember something that was forgotten - but we think that is an original thought that we made.
Belief that streaks or clusters in parts of random data are non-random.
We prefer options with known probability over options with unknown probability even if the payout is smaller in the known option.
We think that mass media affects other people more than it affects us.
We prefer the current situation. We tend to think it is better than other alternatives.
We exaggerate the probability of bad things happening to us.
We want to search for information even when it does not affect the decision.
We value things much higher if we created them(even partially).
We overestimate our own perspective.
People's choices can change based on how the question is framed or worded.
We want to keep a thing we own more than we want to get the same thing when we don't own it.